bundles / scipy 2.0.0.dev0+git20260907.41eeb59 / scipy / stats / _resampling / bootstrap

function

`scipy.stats._resampling:bootstrap`

source: build-install/usr/lib/python3.14/site-packages/scipy/stats/_resampling.py:298

Signature

def bootstrap(data, statistic, *, n_resamples = 9999, batch = None, vectorized = None, paired = False, axis = 0, confidence_level = 0.95, alternative = two-sided, method = BCa, bootstrap_result = None, rng = None, random_state = None)

Summary

Compute a two-sided bootstrap confidence interval of a statistic.

Extended Summary

When method is 'percentile' and alternative is 'two-sided', a bootstrap confidence interval is computed according to the following procedure.

Resample the data: for each sample in data and for each of n_resamples, take a random sample of the original sample (with replacement) of the same size as the original sample.
Compute the bootstrap distribution of the statistic: for each set of resamples, compute the test statistic.
Determine the confidence interval: find the interval of the bootstrap distribution that is
- symmetric about the median and
- contains confidence_level of the resampled statistic values.

While the 'percentile' method is the most intuitive, it is rarely used in practice. Two more common methods are available, 'basic' ('reverse percentile') and 'BCa' ('bias-corrected and accelerated'); they differ in how step 3 is performed.

If the samples in data are taken at random from their respective distributions $n$ times, the confidence interval returned by bootstrap will contain the true value of the statistic for those distributions approximately `confidence_level` $\times n$ times.

Parameters

data : sequence of array-like

Each element of data is a sample containing scalar observations from an underlying distribution. Elements of data must be broadcastable to the same shape (with the possible exception of the dimension specified by axis).

statistic : callable

Statistic for which the confidence interval is to be calculated. statistic must be a callable that accepts len(data) samples as separate arguments and returns the resulting statistic. If vectorized is set True, statistic must also accept a keyword argument axis and be vectorized to compute the statistic along the provided axis.

n_resamples : int, default: ``9999``

The number of resamples performed to form the bootstrap distribution of the statistic.

batch : int, optional

The number of resamples to process in each vectorized call to statistic. Memory usage is O( batch * n ), where n is the sample size. Default is None, in which case batch = n_resamples (or batch = max(n_resamples, n) for method='BCa').

vectorized : bool, optional

If vectorized is set False, statistic will not be passed keyword argument axis and is expected to calculate the statistic only for 1D samples. If True, statistic will be passed keyword argument axis and is expected to calculate the statistic along axis when passed an ND sample array. If None (default), vectorized will be set True if axis is a parameter of statistic. Use of a vectorized statistic typically reduces computation time.

paired : bool, default: ``False``

Whether the statistic treats corresponding elements of the samples in data as paired. If True, bootstrap resamples an array of indices and uses the same indices for all arrays in data; otherwise, bootstrap independently resamples the elements of each array.

axis : int, default: ``0``

The axis of the samples in data along which the statistic is calculated.

confidence_level : float, default: ``0.95``

The confidence level of the confidence interval.

alternative : {'two-sided', 'less', 'greater'}, default: ``'two-sided'``

Choose 'two-sided' (default) for a two-sided confidence interval, 'less' for a one-sided confidence interval with the lower bound at -np.inf, and 'greater' for a one-sided confidence interval with the upper bound at np.inf. The other bound of the one-sided confidence intervals is the same as that of a two-sided confidence interval with confidence_level twice as far from 1.0; e.g. the upper bound of a 95% 'less' confidence interval is the same as the upper bound of a 90% 'two-sided' confidence interval.

method : {'percentile', 'basic', 'bca'}, default: ``'BCa'``

Whether to return the 'percentile' bootstrap confidence interval ('percentile'), the 'basic' (AKA 'reverse') bootstrap confidence interval ('basic'), or the bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence interval ('BCa').

bootstrap_result : BootstrapResult, optional

Provide the result object returned by a previous call to bootstrap to include the previous bootstrap distribution in the new bootstrap distribution. This can be used, for example, to change confidence_level, change method, or see the effect of performing additional resampling without repeating computations.

rng : {None, int, `numpy.random.Generator`}, optional

If rng is passed by keyword, types other than numpy.random.Generator are passed to numpy.random.default_rng to instantiate a Generator. If rng is already a Generator instance, then the provided instance is used. Specify rng for repeatable function behavior.

If this argument is passed by position or random_state is passed by keyword, legacy behavior for the argument random_state applies:

If random_state is None (or numpy.random), the numpy.random.RandomState singleton is used.
If random_state is an int, a new RandomState instance is used, seeded with random_state.
If random_state is already a Generator or RandomState instance then that instance is used.

Returns

res : BootstrapResult

An object with attributes:

confidence_interval: The bootstrap confidence interval as an instance of collections.namedtuple with attributes low and high.
bootstrap_distribution: The bootstrap distribution, that is, the value of statistic for each resample. The last dimension corresponds with the resamples (e.g. res.bootstrap_distribution.shape[-1] == n_resamples).
standard_error: The bootstrap standard error, that is, the sample standard deviation of the bootstrap distribution.

Warns

: `~scipy.stats.DegenerateDataWarning`: Generated when method='BCa' and the bootstrap distribution is degenerate (e.g. all elements are identical).

Notes

Elements of the confidence interval may be NaN for method='BCa' if the bootstrap distribution is degenerate (e.g. all elements are identical). In this case, consider using another method or inspecting data for indications that other analysis may be more appropriate (e.g. all observations are identical).

Examples

Suppose we have sampled data from an unknown distribution.

import numpy as np
rng = np.random.default_rng()
from scipy.stats import norm
dist = norm(loc=2, scale=4)  # our "unknown" distribution
data = dist.rvs(size=100, random_state=rng)

✓

We are interested in the standard deviation of the distribution.

std_true = dist.std()      # the true value of the statistic
print(std_true)
std_sample = np.std(data)  # the sample statistic

✓

print(std_sample)

✗

4.510906254254069

The bootstrap is used to approximate the variability we would expect if we were to repeatedly sample from the unknown distribution and calculate the statistic of the sample each time. It does this by repeatedly resampling values *from the original sample* with replacement and calculating the statistic of each resample. This results in a "bootstrap distribution" of the statistic.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import bootstrap
data = (data,)  # samples must be in a sequence
res = bootstrap(data, np.std, confidence_level=0.9, rng=rng)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

✓

ax.hist(res.bootstrap_distribution, bins=25)
ax.set_title('Bootstrap Distribution')
ax.set_xlabel('statistic value')
ax.set_ylabel('frequency')

✗

Text(0, 0.5, 'frequency')

plt.show()

✓

The standard error quantifies this variability. It is calculated as the standard deviation of the bootstrap distribution.

res.standard_error
res.standard_error == np.std(res.bootstrap_distribution, ddof=1)

✗

np.True_

The bootstrap distribution of the statistic is often approximately normal with scale equal to the standard error.

x = np.linspace(3, 5)
pdf = norm.pdf(x, loc=std_sample, scale=res.standard_error)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

✓

ax.hist(res.bootstrap_distribution, bins=25, density=True)
ax.plot(x, pdf)
ax.set_title('Normal Approximation of the Bootstrap Distribution')
ax.set_xlabel('statistic value')
ax.set_ylabel('pdf')

✗

Text(0, 0.5, 'pdf')

plt.show()

✓

This suggests that we could construct a 90% confidence interval on the statistic based on quantiles of this normal distribution.

norm.interval(0.9, loc=std_sample, scale=res.standard_error)

✗

(np.float64(4.036422324436868), np.float64(4.985390184071269))

Due to central limit theorem, this normal approximation is accurate for a variety of statistics and distributions underlying the samples; however, the approximation is not reliable in all cases. Because `bootstrap` is designed to work with arbitrary underlying distributions and statistics, it uses more advanced techniques to generate an accurate confidence interval.

print(res.confidence_interval)

✗

ConfidenceInterval(low=np.float64(4.096528743341175), high=np.float64(5.05776707630471))

If we sample from the original distribution 100 times and form a bootstrap confidence interval for each sample, the confidence interval contains the true value of the statistic approximately 90% of the time.

n_trials = 100
ci_contains_true_std = 0
for i in range(n_trials):
   data = (dist.rvs(size=100, random_state=rng),)
   res = bootstrap(data, np.std, confidence_level=0.9,
                   n_resamples=999, rng=rng)
   ci = res.confidence_interval
   if ci[0] < std_true < ci[1]:
       ci_contains_true_std += 1

✓

print(ci_contains_true_std)

✗

Rather than writing a loop, we can also determine the confidence intervals for all 100 samples at once.

data = (dist.rvs(size=(n_trials, 100), random_state=rng),)
res = bootstrap(data, np.std, axis=-1, confidence_level=0.9,
                n_resamples=999, rng=rng)
ci_l, ci_u = res.confidence_interval

✓

Here, `ci_l` and `ci_u` contain the confidence interval for each of the ``n_trials = 100`` samples.

print(ci_l[:5])
print(ci_u[:5])

✗

[3.67079 4.70746 4.42485 4.98482 4.82633]

And again, approximately 90% contain the true value, ``std_true = 4``.

print(np.sum((ci_l < std_true) & (std_true < ci_u)))

✗

`bootstrap` can also be used to estimate confidence intervals of multi-sample statistics. For example, to get a confidence interval for the difference between means, we write a function that accepts two sample arguments and returns only the statistic. The use of the ``axis`` argument ensures that all mean calculations are perform in a single vectorized call, which is faster than looping over pairs of resamples in Python.

def my_statistic(sample1, sample2, axis=-1):
    mean1 = np.mean(sample1, axis=axis)
    mean2 = np.mean(sample2, axis=axis)
    return mean1 - mean2

✓

Here, we use the 'percentile' method with the default 95% confidence level.

sample1 = norm.rvs(scale=1, size=100, random_state=rng)
sample2 = norm.rvs(scale=2, size=100, random_state=rng)
data = (sample1, sample2)
res = bootstrap(data, my_statistic, method='basic', rng=rng)

✓

print(my_statistic(sample1, sample2))
print(res.confidence_interval)

✗

ConfidenceInterval(low=np.float64(-0.3510745535458074), high=np.float64(0.620786692447663))

The bootstrap estimate of the standard error is also available.

print(res.standard_error)

✗

0.24719203054535713

Paired-sample statistics work, too. For example, consider the Pearson correlation coefficient.

from scipy.stats import pearsonr
n = 100
x = np.linspace(0, 10, n)
y = x + rng.uniform(size=n)

✓

print(pearsonr(x, y)[0])  # element 0 is the statistic

✗

0.9958094126228576

We wrap `pearsonr` so that it returns only the statistic, ensuring that we use the `axis` argument because it is available.

def my_statistic(x, y, axis=-1):
    return pearsonr(x, y, axis=axis)[0]

✓

We call `bootstrap` using ``paired=True``.

res = bootstrap((x, y), my_statistic, paired=True, rng=rng)

✓

print(res.confidence_interval)

✗

ConfidenceInterval(low=np.float64(0.9944484231820774), high=np.float64(0.9967319578696644))

The result object can be passed back into `bootstrap` to perform additional resampling:

len(res.bootstrap_distribution)
res = bootstrap((x, y), my_statistic, paired=True,
                n_resamples=1000, rng=rng,
                bootstrap_result=res)
len(res.bootstrap_distribution)

✓

or to change the confidence interval options:

res2 = bootstrap((x, y), my_statistic, paired=True,
                 n_resamples=0, rng=rng, bootstrap_result=res,
                 method='percentile', confidence_level=0.9)
np.testing.assert_equal(res2.bootstrap_distribution,
                        res.bootstrap_distribution)

✓

res.confidence_interval

✗

ConfidenceInterval(low=np.float64(0.9944462074273099), high=np.float64(0.9967321359970698))